Catheter-directed thrombectomy combined with angioplasty and stent implantation for superior vena cava syndrome: a case report
Case Report

Catheter-directed thrombectomy combined with angioplasty and stent implantation for superior vena cava syndrome: a case report

Hao Wang, Zi-Yi Liu, Chang-Yuan Liu, Guang-Sheng Zhao, Shun-Xiong Tang, Jun-Jie Qu, Fang Xu, Jun Zhou

Department of Interventional Therapy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: H Wang, ZY Liu; (II) Administrative support: J Zhou; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: H Wang; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: CY Liu, JJ Qu, F Xu; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: ZY Liu, CY Liu; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

Correspondence to: Jun Zhou, MS. Department of Interventional Therapy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian 116001, China. Email: 18698629436@163.com.

Background: Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome (SVCS) caused by thrombosis in artificial vascular grafts is characterized by high morbidity and mortality, with endovascular treatment being the primary therapeutic approach. In this case report, we present a safe multimodal endovascular treatment protocol that can rapidly alleviate acute SVCS symptoms, combining targeted thrombectomy via a guiding catheter with balloon dilation and Bard venous stent placement. Such combined endovascular therapies remain relatively uncommon in clinical reports.

Case Description: A 61-year-old female with a 10-year history of mediastinal nodules was admitted to hospital for recurrent dizziness. Via computed tomography (CT), she was diagnosed with a malignant thymic tumor invading the SVC and subsequently underwent sternotomy via a video-assisted thoracoscopic approach for tumor resection and SVC reconstruction with an 8-mm expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) graft. Postoperatively, she developed SVCS (upper extremity/chest wall swelling, cyanosis) due to graft occlusion. Emergency treatment included 8F guiding catheter thrombectomy, sequential balloon dilatation, and Bard venous stenting, which resolved the stenosis. She received anticoagulants (low-molecular-weight heparin and subsequent rivaroxaban) and had no thrombosis at follow-up in August 2024.

Conclusions: The combination of guiding catheter thrombectomy, balloon dilatation, and Bard stent implantation is feasible, safe, and effective for e-PTFE graft-associated SVCS, relieving symptoms quickly and avoiding reoperation. This approach can benefit patients unsuited to surgery, but they should be monitored closely for adverse hemodynamic events after stenting. Further studies are needed to validate the efficacy of this method.

Keywords: Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS); angioplasty; stent implantation; expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft (e-PTFE graft); case report

Submitted Nov 11, 2025. Accepted for publication Dec 10, 2025. Published online Dec 24, 2025.

doi: 10.21037/tcr-2025-aw-2492

Highlight box

Key findings

• A multimodal endovascular treatment approach combining guiding catheter-directed thrombectomy with angioplasty and stent placement was found to be safe and effective in treating expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) graft-associated stenosis.

What is known and what is new?

• Vascular therapy is the main treatment for superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS), which can include catheter contact thrombolysis, thrombectomy, stent placement, and percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty.

• For the endovascular management of SVCS, multiple options exist. Our approach combining guiding catheter-directed thrombectomy with balloon dilation and Bard venous stent offers a flexible and safe therapeutic solution.

What is the implication, and what should change now?

• Multimodal endovascular therapy provides a safer, faster, and more flexible treatment option for e-PTFE graft-related stenosis. However, the findings of this study require confirmation through larger-scale research.

Introduction

Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome (SVCS) is a well-recognized clinical entity associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Thrombus formation within the vascular graft is considered the most common cause of postoperative SVC syndrome in patients undergoing SVC reconstruction with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE). Here, we present a case of a female patient who developed SVC syndrome following artificial vascular graft implantation after resection of a malignant thymic tumor. Without removal of the graft, endovascular intervention—consisting of guiding catheter-directed thrombectomy combined with angioplasty and stent implantation—was performed, which rapidly relieved the symptoms of SVC syndrome. We present this article in accordance with the CARE reporting checklist (available at https://tcr.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tcr-2025-aw-2492/rc).

Case presentation

A 61-year-old female had been incidentally found to have a mediastinal nodule on chest computed tomography (CT) performed 10 years earlier during evaluation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. She was asymptomatic and did not undergo follow-up. Two weeks before admission to our hospital, she developed recurrent dizziness. Contrast-enhanced chest CT revealed an abnormal anterior mediastinal mass with invasion of the SVC (Figure 1). Pathological evaluation confirmed a malignant thymic tumor. According to the 2023 National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) clinical practice guidelines (version 1) in oncology for thymoma and thymic carcinoma, the patient was considered eligible for surgery and underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) via a subxiphoid approach for resection of the anterior mediastinal mass.

Figure 1 The patient underwent contrast-enhanced computed tomography upon admission, which revealed an abnormal mass in the anterior mediastinum and invasion of the superior vena cava.

Intraoperatively, partial wedge resection of the right upper, middle, and lower lobes was performed with a stapler. The tumor was found to be invading the distal SVC and proximal bilateral innominate veins; therefore, the procedure was converted to an extended sternotomy with resection of the left innominate vein and right atrial appendage, which was followed by vascular reconstruction with an 8-mm e-PTFE graft to bridge the resected segments. In summary, the final procedure was VATS-assisted extended sternotomy thymectomy with radical resection (wedge resection of the right upper, middle, and lower lobes; partial pericardiectomy; partial right phrenic nerve resection; and partial SVC and bilateral innominate vein resection), SVC replacement with an e-PTFE graft, and pleural adhesiolysis. As the procedure required prolonged intraoperative heparinization, anticoagulation was scheduled to be initiated 12 hours postoperatively.

On the day of surgery, the patient developed swelling and cyanosis of both the upper extremities and the chest wall above the nipples. Echocardiography revealed poor visualization of the SVC lumen, suggestive of vascular occlusion and acute postoperative SVC syndrome. Emergency endovascular treatment was performed.

Venography via the right subclavian vein indicated complete occlusion of the brachiocephalic venous graft without distal runoff (Figure 2). Attempts to cross the occluded segment via right subclavian and right femoral venous access failed. Left subclavian venous access was then obtained, revealing complete occlusion of the left brachiocephalic venous graft. Large amounts of thrombus were aspirated via an 8F guiding catheter, with subsequent angiography showing partial restoration of flow but persistent filling defects and stenosis (Figure 3). A hydrophilic guidewire successfully traversed the occlusion, and sequential balloon dilatation with balloons 5 mm × 60 mm and 6 mm × 60 mm in size improved flow. However, significant residual stenosis remained at the left subclavian vein confluence (Figure 4). Further dilatation with an 8 mm × 60 mm balloon failed to relieve the stenosis (Figure 5), and a 12 mm × 80 mm Bard venous stent was deployed. Angiography confirmed good stent position, full expansion, and brisk venous flow with complete resolution of stenosis (Figure 6).

Figure 2 A 5 F short sheath was inserted for venous angiography after the right subclavian vein was punctured. The results showed complete occlusion of the right head and arm vein graft throughout its course, with no visualization at the distal end.
Figure 3 An 8 F guiding catheter was repeatedly aspirated through a subclavian vein access to remove a large amount of thrombus. The re-angiography showed improved vascular occlusion as compared to the previous session with distal visualization, although some segments still exhibited filling defects and stenosis.
Figure 4 The subclavian vein approach on the right side was changed, and the occluded segment was sequentially dilated by balloon. The angiography again showed that the occluded segment was still narrowed, and the most severe was at the opening of the left subclavian vein in the head and arm vein.
Figure 5 The balloon was replaced with a larger one (Boston Scientific; 8 mm × 60 mm) for further dilation, but the angiographic results showed no improvement in the stenosis.
Figure 6 A 12 mm × 80 mm Bard venous stent was deployed. Angiographic examination confirmed complete patency of the stent throughout its course, with distal venous visualization and resolution of vascular stenosis.

The patient received postoperative anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparin (100 IU/kg, subcutaneous, twice daily), which was later switched to rivaroxaban. On postoperative day 15, chest CT revealed a left pleural effusion of hemorrhagic density, with thoracic drainage evacuating ~400 mL of this effusion. Rivaroxaban was adjusted to 15 mg twice daily and then to 20 mg once daily after 3 weeks. Serial ultrasound examinations showed no further thrombosis. At the most recent follow-up in August 2024, no thrombosis was detected in the bilateral jugular or subclavian veins.

The detailed timeline of the patient’s entire clinical course, including diagnosis, surgical intervention, endovascular treatment, and follow-up, is summarized in Table 1. All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee(s) and with the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. Written informed consent for publication of this case report and accompanying images was not obtained from the patient or the relatives after all possible attempts were made. The authors have made the best efforts to contact the relatives and the article has been sufficiently anonymized to ensure that no harm is caused to the patient or her family.

Table 1

Timeline of the patient’s diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up

Timeline node Specific details
1. First abnormal finding (past medical history) Ten years prior to admission, a mediastinal nodule was incidentally detected on chest CT during evaluation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; the patient was asymptomatic and did not undergo follow-up
2. Onset of first symptoms Two weeks before admission, the patient developed recurrent dizziness without other accompanying symptoms
3. First medical visit and diagnosis The patient presented to the Department of Interventional Therapy at the Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University. Contrast-enhanced chest CT revealed an abnormal anterior mediastinal mass invading the SVC, and pathological examination confirmed a malignant thymic tumor
4. Initiation of surgical treatment In accordance with the 2023 NCCN version 1 clinical practice guidelines in oncology for thymoma and thymic carcinoma, the patient underwent VATS via a subxiphoid approach. The procedure was converted to an extended sternotomy intraoperatively, with resection of the anterior mediastinal mass, left innominate vein, and right atrial appendage. Vascular reconstruction was performed with an 8-mm e-PTFE graft
5. Postoperative acute complication onset On the day of surgery, the patient developed swelling and cyanosis of both upper extremities and the chest wall above the nipples. Echocardiography showed poor visualization of the SVC lumen, suggesting vascular occlusion; acute postoperative SVCS was diagnosed
6. Emergency endovascular treatment Emergency endovascular treatment was performed. (I) Venography via the right subclavian vein showed complete occlusion of the brachiocephalic venous graft. (II) After failed attempts at access via the right subclavian and right femoral veins, left subclavian venous access was obtained. A large amount of thrombus was aspirated with an 8F guiding catheter, and subsequent angiography showed partial flow restoration with persistent filling defects and stenosis. (III) A hydrophilic guidewire traversed the occlusion, and sequential balloon dilatation with balloons 5 mm × 60 mm and 6 mm × 60 mm in size was performed, but significant residual stenosis remained at the left subclavian vein confluence. (IV) Dilatation with an 8 mm × 60 mm balloon failed to relieve the stenosis, and so a 12 mm × 80 mm Bard venous stent was implanted. Angiography confirmed good stent position, full expansion, unobstructed venous flow, and complete resolution of stenosis
7. Postoperative recovery and follow-up (1) Postoperatively, the patient received anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparin (100 IU/kg, subcutaneous injection, twice daily), which was later switched to rivaroxaban. On postoperative day 15, chest CT revealed a left hemorrhagic pleural effusion, and approximately 400 mL of fluid was drained via thoracic drainage. The rivaroxaban dose was adjusted to 15 mg twice daily and then to 20 mg once daily after 3 weeks
8. Postoperative recovery and follow-up (2) Serial ultrasound examinations showed no further thrombosis. At the most recent follow-up in August 2024, no thrombosis was detected in the bilateral jugular or subclavian veins

CT, computed tomography; e-PTFE, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene; NCCN, National Comprehensive Cancer Network; SVC, superior vena cava; SVCS, superior vena cava syndrome; VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.

Discussion

SVC syndrome is a well-recognized clinical entity with high morbidity and mortality (1). Although the majority of cases are secondary to malignancies, benign causes such as mediastinal fibrosis, pacemaker leads, or central venous catheter placement have also been reported (2). The clinical manifestations of SVCS vary depending on the progression rate of the obstruction. Acute obstruction typically causes severe symptoms such as dyspnea and cyanosis, while chronic obstruction is more commonly characterized by venous dilation and persistent mild edema in the upper body (3-5). Due to the potential for life-threatening complications, the therapeutic goal for patients with SVC syndrome is rapid and effective symptom relief rather than slow or delayed improvement (6,7). For malignancy-related SVC syndrome, conventional palliative approaches include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgery (8). In histologic subtypes expected to respond well to treatment, such as small-cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and germ cell tumors, systemic therapy may provide adequate disease control. However, chemotherapy or radiotherapy rarely achieves immediate symptom resolution, and in some cases, symptoms may transiently worsen due to treatment-induced inflammation (9-11).

For benign causes, particularly device-related obstruction, removal of the catheter and anticoagulation may be beneficial (12). Thrombotic SVC syndrome is a rare but serious complication associated with central venous catheterization, and the growing use of indwelling venous devices has increased the incidence of nonmalignant SVC syndrome across all age groups (6). With advances in imaging and interventional techniques, endovascular treatment (EVT) has become the mainstay of therapy for restoring venous patency in patients with SVC syndrome (1,13), replacing surgical bypass in most cases due to the latter’s higher complication rates and longer hospitalization (13,14).

EVT-related strategies include catheter-directed thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, balloon angioplasty, and stent placement (6). For patients with significant symptoms or extensive thrombotic burden, endovascular treatment can relieve symptoms more quickly (15). The increase in acute, catheter-associated thrombosis has emphasized the role of endovascular therapies (15-17). Endovascular therapy (ET, synonymous with EVT) is more commonly used first to rapidly relieve SVCS clinical symptoms and reduce related complications (18). The limitation of thrombolysis or thrombectomy alone lies in the lack of immediate revascularization, while stent placement carries risks of foreshortening or migration, particularly with Bard venous stents. Therefore, multimodal EVT is frequently employed to optimize outcomes.

In the case reported here, the patient developed acute SVC syndrome due to thrombosis of an artificial e-PTFE graft following thymic carcinoma resection. We adopted a combined strategy consisting of targeted aspiration thrombectomy with a guiding catheter and then sequential balloon angioplasty and final stent implantation. Initial thrombectomy allowed for the rapid revascularization and restoration of blood flow. Sequential predilatation with Boston Scientific balloons of increasing diameter enabled more uniform luminal expansion, reduced stent migration risk, and improved final stent deployment (6). It should be noted, however, that predilatation should only be performed when necessary for stent delivery, as it carries risks of pulmonary embolism or vascular rupture (19). Regarding the decision to use unilateral stenting, although some interventionalists prefer bilateral stents, a study suggests that this may increase the risk of complications such as stent-stent interference and thrombosis (20).

In our case, the combined use of aspiration thrombectomy, balloon angioplasty, and venous stenting rapidly relieved SVC obstruction and the associated symptoms, preventing the need for reoperation. This multimodal EVT approach offers particular advantages for patients who are ill-suited for surgery, as it can restore venous flow, shorten ischemia time, prevent tissue necrosis, and provide prompt symptomatic relief without interfering with subsequent oncologic therapy (21-23). However, the potential risks include abrupt hemodynamic shifts following stent deployment that may lead to increased right atrial pressure, elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and even acute pulmonary edema (12,24).

Notably, the selection of stent type is a critical component of endovascular treatment decision-making. A wide range of devices are available for the management of central venous stenosis, laying the foundation for personalized therapy. In this case, we chose a Bard bare venous stent based on the acute nature of graft occlusion, the need for rapid restoration of luminal patency, and the device’s excellent compatibility with sequential balloon dilation. Currently, the main clinically used stents include two major categories: bare stents and covered stents, each with distinct indications in the treatment of central venous lesions. Bare stents, characterized by ease of implantation and rapid blood flow establishment, are more suitable for acute obstruction and other scenarios requiring urgent symptom relief. In contrast, covered stents have demonstrated unique value in a relevant clinical study—Pennetta et al. successfully treated cavoatrial junction stenosis with the Gore Viabahn VBX covered stent, confirming its ability to achieve durable patency in complex venous lesions (25). Compared with bare stents, covered stents can reduce inflammatory responses and intimal hyperplasia by isolating the stent from direct contact with the vascular wall, thereby lowering the risks of restenosis and recurrent thrombosis. Meanwhile, they provide better protection for fragile blood vessels or those previously subjected to interventional procedures, reducing complications such as rupture and dissection. Particularly suitable for high-risk patients with a history of multiple thrombotic events or graft-related vascular injury, covered stents are expected to deliver superior long-term prognosis.

Overall, this case suggests that the combination of guiding catheter thrombectomy, balloon angioplasty, and stent placement represents a feasible, safe, and effective strategy for managing graft-associated SVC syndrome and may serve as an effective option in certain patients.

Conclusions

The selection of multimodal endovascular treatment strategies can optimize safety and outcomes in acute SVCS management. Notably, the flexible application of multiple therapeutic approaches by interventional physicians may lead to better patient outcomes.

Acknowledgments

First and foremost, we thank our most respected patient for bringing us a case worth learning from. We also extend our thanks to the entire medical team of the Department of Interventional Therapy at Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, including nurses and technical staff, for their meticulous care during the patient’s surgery, endovascular intervention, and postoperative follow-up. Their professional support was crucial to the successful management of the patient and the collection of high-quality clinical data.

Footnote

Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the CARE reporting checklist. Available at https://tcr.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tcr-2025-aw-2492/rc

Peer Review File: Available at https://tcr.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tcr-2025-aw-2492/prf

Funding: None.

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://tcr.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tcr-2025-aw-2492/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee(s) and with the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. Written informed consent for publication of this case report and accompanying images was not obtained from the patient or the relatives after all possible attempts were made. The authors have made the best efforts to contact the relatives and the article has been sufficiently anonymized to ensure that no harm is caused to the patient or her family.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

References

  1. Schindler N, Vogelzang RL. Superior vena cava syndrome. Experience with endovascular stents and surgical therapy. Surg Clin North Am 1999;79:683-94. xi. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. Deshwal H, Ghosh S, Magruder K, et al. A review of endovascular stenting for superior vena cava syndrome in fibrosing mediastinitis. Vasc Med 2020;25:174-83. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  3. Thapa S, Terry PB, Kamdar BB. Hemodialysis catheter-associated superior vena cava syndrome and pulmonary embolism: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Res Notes 2016;9:233. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. Feghali J, Yang W, Huang J. Updates in Chronic Subdural Hematoma: Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Outcome. World Neurosurg 2020;141:339-45. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. Lai Q, Chen L, Gao X, et al. Resolution of subdural hemorrhage following interventional treatment of superior vena cava occlusion in a hemodialysis patient: a case report. Front Cardiovasc Med 2025;12:1540854. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. Shatila W, Almanfi A, Massumi M, et al. Endovascular Treatment of Superior Vena Cava Syndrome via Balloon-in-Balloon Catheter Technique with a Palmaz Stent. Tex Heart Inst J 2016;43:520-3. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. Kim YI, Kim KS, Ko YC, et al. Endovascular stenting as a first choice for the palliation of superior vena cava syndrome. J Korean Med Sci 2004;19:519-22. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  8. Bierdrager E, Lampmann LE, Lohle PN, et al. Endovascular stenting in neoplastic superior vena cava syndrome prior to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Neth J Med 2005;63:20-3. [PubMed]
  9. Wilson LD, Detterbeck FC, Yahalom J. Clinical practice. Superior vena cava syndrome with malignant causes. N Engl J Med 2007;356:1862-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  10. Armstrong BA, Perez CA, Simpson JR, et al. Role of irradiation in the management of superior vena cava syndrome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1987;13:531-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  11. Spiro SG, Shah S, Harper PG, et al. Treatment of obstruction of the superior vena cava by combination chemotherapy with and without irradiation in small-cell carcinoma of the bronchus. Thorax 1983;38:501-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  12. Ponti A, Saltiel S, Rotzinger DC, et al. Insights Into Endovascular Management of Superior Vena Cava Obstructions. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021;8:765798. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  13. Rizvi AZ, Kalra M, Bjarnason H, et al. Benign superior vena cava syndrome: stenting is now the first line of treatment. J Vasc Surg 2008;47:372-80. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  14. Doty JR, Flores JH, Doty DB. Superior vena cava obstruction: bypass using spiral vein graft. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:1111-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  15. Oh A, Durojaye O, Rahimi M. Large-bore catheter selection in endovascular management of superior vena cava syndrome. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech 2025;11:101977. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  16. Rice TW, Rodriguez RM, Light RW. The superior vena cava syndrome: clinical characteristics and evolving etiology. Medicine (Baltimore) 2006;85:37-42. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. Mir T, Uddin M, Shafi O, et al. Thrombotic superior vena cava syndrome: a national emergency department database study. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2022;53:372-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  18. Azizi AH, Shafi I, Shah N, et al. Superior Vena Cava Syndrome. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2020;13:2896-910. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  19. Quencer KB. Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: Etiologies, Manifestations, and Treatments. Semin Intervent Radiol 2022;39:292-303. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  20. Kuo TT, Chen PL, Shih CC, et al. Endovascular stenting for end-stage lung cancer patients with superior vena cava syndrome post first-line treatments - A single-center experience and literature review. J Chin Med Assoc 2017;80:482-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  21. Nicholson AA, Ettles DF, Arnold A, et al. Treatment of malignant superior vena cava obstruction: metal stents or radiation therapy. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1997;8:781-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  22. Niu S, Xu YS, Cheng L, et al. Stent insertion for malignant superior vena cava syndrome: effectiveness and long-term outcome. Radiol Med 2017;122:633-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  23. Fichelle JM, Baissas V, Salvi S, et al. Superior vena cava thrombosis or stricture secondary to implanted central venous access: Six cases of endovascular and direct surgical treatment in cancer patients. J Med Vasc 2018;43:20-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  24. Kee ST, Kinoshita L, Razavi MK, et al. Superior vena cava syndrome: treatment with catheter-directed thrombolysis and endovascular stent placement. Radiology 1998;206:187-93. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  25. Pennetta FF, Millarelli M, De Santis F, et al. Cavoatrial junction stenting in vascular hemodialysis catheter malfunction. J Vasc Access 2025;26:1041-5.

(English Language Editor: J. Gray)

Cite this article as: Wang H, Liu ZY, Liu CY, Zhao GS, Tang SX, Qu JJ, Xu F, Zhou J. Catheter-directed thrombectomy combined with angioplasty and stent implantation for superior vena cava syndrome: a case report. Transl Cancer Res 2025;14(12):9091-9098. doi: 10.21037/tcr-2025-aw-2492

Article Options

Download Citation

Share