Analyses of single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing datasets identify biomarker-based molecular subtypes and a prognostic signature in lung adenocarcinoma

Immune checkpoint blockade has improved outcomes for a subset of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), yet primary and acquired resistance remain common. Given the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment (TME), biomarkers that reflect both tumor-intrinsic programs and immune context are needed for prognostic stratification and for generating clinically relevant hypotheses. The aim of this study was to identify immune-associated genes and construct a prognostic signature for LUAD by integrating single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data.