Bevacizumab in recurrent glioblastoma

In May 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval for the use of bevacizumab in patients with progressive glioblastoma (GBM), the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults (1). Neovascularization is a morphologic hallmark of GBM, driven in part by vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) which is targeted and neutralized by bevacizumab. Favorable results in early uncontrolled studies on the use of bevacizumab as salvage treatment in GBM led to wider use and further investigation in recurrent WHO grade II and III gliomas, which often exhibit enhancement akin to that seen in GBM. Until recently, only retrospective uncontrolled studies on the effect of bevacizumab in recurrent lower grade gliomas have been reported; van den Bent and colleagues offer results of the first and largest randomized trial in which the use of bevacizumab alone or in combination with maintenance-dose temozolomide was investigated in patients with a first and contrast-enhancing recurrence of WHO grade II or III astrocytoma (2).

In this phase 2 trial, 155 patients were enrolled. A total of 101/155 (65%) patients were determined to have a mutation in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). Acceptable prior treatment included radiation only, temozolomide or PCV alone, or radiation with concurrent temozolomide. High-dose radiation, stereotactic radiation, and brachytherapy were only allowed if treatment-induced necrosis was ruled out by histologic confirmation of tumor recurrence, though repeat surgery was otherwise not required for enrollment. Patients at high-risk of developing adverse effects such as those with a history of thrombosis, hemorrhage, clinically significant vascular disease, or recent gastrointestinal complications were also excluded. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) at 12 months, and secondary endpoints included best overall response, median OS, Kaplan-Meier estimates of progression-free survival (PFS) and OS, safety profile, and patient-oriented outcomes such as quality of life and neurocognitive status. Recognizing the prognostic effect of mutations in IDH 1 or 2, the authors included prospectively defined exploratory subgroup analysis according to IDH mutational status.

The authors found no difference in response rate, OS, or PFS with the combination of bevacizumab and temozolomide compared to temozolomide alone, and despite exclusion of high-risk groups there was a higher rate of serious adverse events including but not limited to hematological, infectious, allergic, and embolic complications in the combination group. One limitation of this study, which the authors acknowledged, was that it was underpowered for formal comparison; however, enrollment was high and the allocation between the two groups was well-balanced.

The results of this study are preceded by a number of randomized trials evaluating the efficacy of bevacizumab in newly diagnosed and recurrent GBM that have demonstrated similar OS and yet improved PFS when bevacizumab was added to standard care treatment (3-5). This contrast may be explained by vascular gene expression patterns in lower-grade gliomas which are less severe than GBM but distinct from normal vessels (6). In particular, IDH wild-type gliomas are molecularly distinct from IDH-mutated gliomas in such a way that results in increased angiogenesis due to upregulation of multiple genes including ANGPT2, MCAM, WEE1, SPRY1, NOX4, and SERPINH1 which are similarly upregulated in GBM vasculature (7). More than half the per-protocol population in TAVAREC harbored a mutation in IDH, which possibly influenced the overall results.

While a clear anti-tumor effect by bevacizumab is unlikely to ever be shown, the drug may still be useful as a steroid-sparing agent in selected cases of highly symptomatic brain edema. While the findings do not justify a phase 3 study, further exploration of bevacizumab in IDH wild-type WHO grade II and III gliomas ought to be considered; however, we must also continue our efforts to identify more effective and better tolerated agents against these tumors.

Acknowledgments

Funding: None

Footnote

Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned and reviewed by the Section Editor Xian-Xin Qiu (Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center (SPHIC), a.k.a. the Proton and Heavy Ion Center of Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC), Shanghai, China).

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr.2018.12.33). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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