Elevated carbohydrate antigen 125 post-operation as a prognostic marker in gastric cancer patients with stage II–III
Original Article

Elevated carbohydrate antigen 125 post-operation as a prognostic marker in gastric cancer patients with stage II–III

Jingjing Li1,2,3, Qi Xu1,2,3, Cong Luo1,2,3, Lei Chen1,2,3, Jieer Ying1,2,3

1Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; 2Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; 3Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: J Ying; (II) Administrative support: J Li; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: Q Xu; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: C Luo; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: L Chen; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

Correspondence to: Jieer Ying. Department of Abdominal Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China. Email: jieerying@aliyun.com.

Background: Gastric cancer is one of the high occurrence cancers among gastrointestinal tumor. Further research should be carried out to find more prognostic factors, screening patients with poor prognosis, who need stronger treatment.

Methods: The clinicopathologic characteristic, the levels of tumor markers and survival of 105 patients who underwent gastrectomy with a D2 lymph node dissection in Zhejiang Cancer Hospital were collected and analyzed.

Results: In the 105 patients, there were 71 males, and the median age was 56 years (range, 21–83 years). In 105 patients, 77 patients were diagnosed with non-cardia cancer, 84.8% patients were diagnosed of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, more than half of the patients were diagnosed of T3–4, and 92 patients had lymph node metastasis, while the clinical stage III patients were accounted for 85%. Seventy point five percent patients were Borrmann III type. The median OS of the patients with increased preoperative serum CEA, CA125, CA19-9, AFP and combined were shorter than those patients with normal serum tumor markers, but without statistical significance (P=0.350, P=0.498, P=0.240, P=0.578 and P=0.219). The OS of patients with elevated levels of CEA, CA19-9, and AFP after operation were shorter than patients with decreased ones without statistical significance (P=0.321, P=0.118 and P=0.424). Elevated CA125 after operation was shorter than patients with decreased ones significantly (P<0.005).

Conclusions: Elevated of CA125 after operation was associated with poor OS in stage II–III GC patients.

Keywords: Gastric cancer; CEA; CA125; CA19-9; AFP

Submitted Nov 08, 2019. Accepted for publication Jul 27, 2020.

doi: 10.21037/tcr-19-2427

Introduction

Gastric cancer is one of the higher incidence cancers in gastrointestinal tumors, with obvious ethnic and geographical distributions (1). A total of 1,033,701 new cases were diagnosed in 2018, with an estimated 782,685 deaths, or 5.7% of the total number of cancer cases, accounting for 8.2% of total cancer deaths (1). More than 70% of new cases and deaths occur in developing countries, particularly in East Asia, Eastern Europe and South America (1). In China, a total of 405,000 new cases were diagnosed in 2012, with an estimated death toll of 325,000 cases (2). For patients with removable gastric cancer, the prognosis is poor, the overall survival rate is 5 years, about 20–30% (3). Previous studies have shown that the prognostic factors identified were infiltration depth, lymph node metastasis, pathological types during tumor nodule metastasis (TNM), and whether to undergo postoperative treatment or not (4). However, some studies have shown that patients have heterogeneous clinical outcomes even at the same stage of the tumour.

This means that further research should be carried out to find more prognostic factors, screening patients with poor prognosis, who need stronger treatment. Tumor markers are defined as compounds produced by tumors or hosts in response to malignant neoplasms. They play an important role in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and monitoring and have been widely used because of their inviolability and convenience. In recent years, CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and AFP have been widely used in gastric cancer. Some studies have reported that serum tumor marker levels can predict early and late prognosis in patients with gastric cancer stage (5,6). Some studies have shown that single tumor markers can evaluate the therapeutic effect (7), and other studies have shown that comprehensive analysis of a variety of tumor markers for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of gastric cancer has a more important significance for patients (8). However, most studies focus only on the value of tumor markers at a given time and do not care about the effect of changes in tumor markers on the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes of CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and AFP before and after Phase III operation in gastric cancer phase II–III. We present the following article in accordance with the REMARK reporting checklist (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr-19-2427).

Methods

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was approved by medical ethics committee of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital [No.: IRB-2020-152 (Ke)] and informed consent was taken from all the patients. This study is a retrospective review. Between January 2012 and December 2012, 105 patients at Zhejiang Cancer Hospital underwent D2 lymph node dissection, with a deadline of December 31, 2017 for data collection. Each patient has a histological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. According to the 7th edition of AJCC staging, the postoperative pathological staging of all patients was II-III period. Each patient received more than 4 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy, including S-1 single drug or XELOX, SOX combined drugs. Serum samples of tumor markers, including CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and AFP, were performed in each patient within 3–4 weeks before and after surgery. At the time of recruitment, personal data on the clinical characteristics of each patient, including age, gender, differentiation, tumor location, wall infiltration depth, lymph node metastasis, vascular infiltration and pathological tumor-node metastasis (pTNM) stage and collection of survival information from clinical records or family contact. The overall survival rate (OS) is defined as the time from diagnostic data to death or last access. Serum CEA, Ca19-9, CA125 and AFP levels were detected by electrochemical luminescence (ECL) (Abbott Laboratory, USA). As recommended by the manufacturer, the cutoff levels for CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and AFP are 5.0 ng·mL–1, 35.0 U·mL-1, 37 U·mL-1, and 8.1 ng·mL-1. When the labeled serum level is higher than the critical value, the results are considered positive. Positive combined detection of four tumor markers is defined as one or more tumor markers that exceed the cutoff level. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 13.0. The continuous variables are represented by mean ± SD, and t-test and chi-squared Square test are used for comparison between the two groups. The predictive effect of each variable on survival was calculated by using Kaplan-Mayer method and logarithmic grade test. A P value of less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant.

Results

Clinicopathologic characteristic

Table 1 summarizes the clinicopathologic features of 105 patients. Of the 105 patients, 71 (66.6%) were male, the median age was 55.2 (years at 21–83 years) and 58 (55.2%) were under 60 years of age. In all cases, 28 (26.7%) patients were treated with tachycardia adenocarcinoma and 77 (73.3%) were diagnosed as non-myocardial cancer. Overall, 89 (84.8%) of patients diagnosed with differentiated adenocarcinoma were moderately differentiated and well differentiated in 13 cases (12.4%) and 3 (2.9%). More than half (84.8) of the patients were diagnosed with T3–4 and 92 (88%) lymph node metastasis, and clinical phase III patients accounted for 85%. The 74 (70.5%) and 25 (23.8%) patients were Borman III and IV, respectively.

Table 1

Clinical and pathological characteristics of the 105 patients

Characteristic N %
Age
   ≤60 58 55.2
   >60 47 44.8
Sex
   Male 71 67.6
   Female 34 32.4
Tumor location
   Cardia 28 26.7
   Non-cardia 77 73.3
Histologic type
   Poorly differentiated 89 84.8
   Moderately differentiated 13 12.4
   Well differentiated 3 2.9
Depth of invasion
   T1-2 16 15.2
   T3-4 89 84.8
Nodes status
   N0 13 12.4
   N+ 92 87.6
Stage
   II 20 19
   III 85 81
Borrmann
   1 5 4.8
   2 1 1
   3 74 70.5
   4 25 23.8

The relationship of preoperative serum TM status with Clinicopathologic characteristic CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and AFP before surgery were above the cutoff levels in 16.2%, 21%, 22.9% and 8.6% cases, respectively. A total of 56 people (53.3%) showed positive for one or more tumor markers. Table 2 shows the relationship between preoperative levels and different clinicopathological parameters in each or combination of tumor manufacturers. Preoperative serum positive levels were 16.2%, 21%, 22.9% and 8.6%, respectively. There were 56 (53.3%) patients who sowed positive for one or more tumor makers. CEA is more frequent in older patients (P=0.019), differentiation (P=0.012) patients and patients without lymph node involvement (P=0.002). Ca19-9 had a positive frequency in patients with advanced tumor stage (P=0.035). The positive levels of combined detection were related to the higher degree of tumor infiltration and advanced tumors (P=0.014 and P=0.048).

Table 2

Association of preoperative status of tumor markers with clinicopathological parameters

Characteristic Cases (N) CEA(+), N (%) P value CA125(+), N (%) P value CA19-9(+),
N (%)		 P value AFP(+),
N (%)		 P value Combined MT, N (%) P value
Age
   ≤60 58 9 0.593 13 0.683 11 0.291 4 0.496 27 0.122
   >60 47 8 9 13 5 29
Sex
   Male 71 13 0.394 16 0.565 15 0.542 4 0.12 37 0.717
   Female 34 4 6 9 5 19
Tumor location
   Cardia 28 6 0.38 4 0.311 7 0.753 3 0.636 17 0.361
   Non-cardia 77 11 18 17 6 39
Histologic type
   Poorly differentiated 89 16 0.012 17 0.272 23 0.086 8 0.719 47 0.799
   Moderately/well differentiated 16 1 2 1 1 9
Depth of invasion
   T1–2 16 2 0.663 2 0.367 1 0.086 0 0.183 4 0.014
   T3–4 89 15 20 23 9 52
Nodes status
   N0 13 6 0.002 4 0.353 1 0.164 0 0.238 8 0.526
   N+ 92 11 18 23 9 48
Stage
   II 20 5 0.235 3 0.467 1 0.035 0 0.128 7 0.048
   III 85 12 19 23 9 49
Borrmann
   1+2+3 80 16 0.058 17 0.893 18 0.876 7 0.907 43 0.878
   4 25 1 5 6 2 13

The relationship of preoperative serum TM status with OS

The relationship between the level of a single tumor marker and the OS before surgery is shown in Figure 1. In the last follow-up, about half of the cases were still alive, with a 5-year survival rate of 49.5%. The mortality rates for normal levels of pre-operative CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and AFP were 50% (444/88), 50.6 (422/83), 48.1% (39/81) and 50% (48/96), respectively. The mortality rates of pre-operative CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and AFP were 52.9% (9/17), 50% (11/22), 52.9% (14/24) and 52.9% (5/9), respectively. In some studies, tumor markers include CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and AFP as prognostic factors for gastric cancer OS. In this study, the median OS was 36, 28, 30 and 36 months in patients with elevated preoperative serum CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and AFP levels, which was shorter than that of patients with normal serum tumor markers, but had no statistical importance (P=0.350, P=0.498, P=0.240 and P=0.578). Figure 2 shows the relationship between CEA, CA125, CA19-9, and AFP combined with tumor markers and OS. The OS time in patients with negative tumor markers was longer than that of any positive tumor marker, but not statistically significant (P=0.219).

Figure 1 Survival curves of patients according to CEA, CA125, CA19-9, and AFP preoperation serum positivity. The difference between CEA-negative patients and CEA-positive patients (A), CA125-negative patients and CA125-positive patients (B), CA19-9-negative patients and CA19-9-positive patients (C), AFP-negative patients and AFP-positive patients (D) were not statistically significant P=0.350, P=0.498, P=0.240 and P=0.578).
Figure 2 Survival curves of patients according to combination of CEA, CA125, CA19-9, and AFP preoperation serum positivity. The difference between all-negative patients and more one of tumor makers positive patients was not statistically significant (P=0.219).

The relationship of the changes of serum TM status between pre and post operation with OS

Figure 3 shows the relationship between preoperative and postoperative changes in tumor marker levels and OS. The proportion of patients with elevated CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and AFP after operation was 30.5%, 31.4%, 40% and 50.5%, respectively. Patients with elevated CEA levels, CA125, CA19-9, AFP had a mortality rate of 53.1% (17/32), 72.7% (24/33), 59.5% (25/42) and 54.7% (29/53), higher than cases of decreased tumor marker levels (49.3%, 40.3%, 44,4% and 46.1%). The OS for patients with elevated CEA is 3–39 months (median 34.3 months). In patients with a decline in CEA levels, the OS time was longer, but not statistically significant (P=0.321). Ca19-9 (P=0.118) and AFP (P=0.424) also found the situation. The OS of CA125 elevated patients was 3–36 (median 26.6 months), which was shorter than that of patients with decreased CA125 level after operation (median 39.8 months, P<0.005).

Figure 3 Survival curves of patients according to the changes of CEA, CA125, CA19-9, AFP serum status between pre and post operation. (A) The difference between CEA-decreased patients and CEA-elevated patients was not statistically significant (P=0.321). (B) The difference between CA125-decreased patients and CA125-elevated patients was statistically significant (P<0.005). (C) The difference between C19-9-decreased patients and CA19-9-elevated patients was not statistically significant (P=0.118). (D) The difference between AFP-decreased patients and AFP-elevated patients was not statistically significant (P=0.424).

Discussion

High incidence of gastric cancer, high mortality rates and limited treatment options remain a major health problem worldwide (1). The relative survival rate of five years of age standardization was reported to be 27.4% (95% CI: 26.7–18.1%) in 2003–2005 based on population-based cancer registration data in China (9). In this study, the 5-year survival rate of two stage III gastric cancer patients was 49.5%, which was better than the national data. Most of the patients in this study came from developed regions and received D2 lymph node dissection, followed by more than 4 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy, including S-1 single-drug or capecitabine and oxaliplatin or S-1 and oxaliplatin combined in our hospital.

These patients have good compliance, so they have a better prognosis. Surgery is still the main treatment for gastric cancer, especially in early gastric cancer patients. Long-term follow-up data from the Dutch gastric cancer group test confirmed the survival benefits of D2 lymph node dissection (10). The 15-year operating system rates for the D1 and D2 groups were 21% and 29% (P=0.34) (11), respectively. D2 lymph node dissection was also associated with lower local rates (12% to 22%) and regional recurrence (13% to 19%). More importantly, the mortality associated with gastric cancer in the D2 group was significantly lower than in the D1 group (37% and 48%, respectively). Two other studies from Western countries also reported better results for D2 lymph node dissection based on the recommendations of the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer (12,13). In East Asia, D2 lymph node dissection is a commonly recommended surgical method. In this study, all patients underwent D2 lymph node dissection. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology Version 1. 2018 suggested that patients who have undergone primary D2 lymph node dissection could receive capecitabine and oxaliplatin as postoperative chemotherapy according to the result of study CLASSIC (14). Another study showed that S-1 plus docetaxel postoperative adjuvant therapy had been shown to improve the overall survival rate and non-recurrence survival of patients with stage III gastric cancer receiving D2 gastrectomy (15). In this study, all patients underwent D2 lymph node dissection and were then treated with more than 4 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy, including S-1 single drug or capecitabine and oxaliplatin or S-1 and oxaliplatin combined drugs. However, some patients will relapse in the following years. Finding patients at high risk of recurrence, followed by vigorous treatment, can improve the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer.

Serum tumor markers were simple to detect, non-invasive, the measurement process was mature and the repeatability was good. They are considered to be monitoring markers for tumor prognosis and treatment evaluation. In this study, the prognostic value of CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and AFP changes before and after operation in phase two Stage III gastric cancer patients was discussed. Previous studies have reported that serum levels in the serum of patients with gastric cancer, such as CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and AFP, were elevated not only at an advanced stage, but also in the early stages. The positive rate of pretreatment of tumor markers is different in previous studies. CEA positive rates are usually between 15.8% and 57.6%, CA125 between 18.2% and 53.9%, CA19-9 between 19.1% and 50%, AFP between 5.4% and 11.8% (16-18), and our findings on the percentage of positive markers are in these Within the range (CEA: 16.2%; CA125: 21.0%; CA19-9: 22.9%; and AFP: 8.6%), our research positive rate is at a lower level because there is no transfer of patients in our research. As mentioned earlier, serum CEA levels are associated with tumor depth, lymph node involvement (19). Feng’s research shows that the increase in CEA levels is an independent risk factor for the poor prognosis of early gastric cancer (6). A meta-analysis showed that CEA protein and mRNA levels in peritoneal lavage were associated with peritoneal recurrence after radical gastrectomy (20). In order to understand the correlation between the pretreatment status of tumor markers and different clinicopathological parameters, we conducted a chi-square test and found that CEA positive was related to differentiation level and lymph node involvement. Previous studies have confirmed that the preoperative positive serum of CA125 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer (21). Kim and others proved that in 679 patients undergoing resection, the serum CA125 value was an independent prognostic risk factor, and the risk rate of recurrence of gastric cancer was 2.431 (22).

However, no link was found between CA125 levels and clinicopathological features. Previous studies have reported that patients with high levels of serum CA19-9 before surgery are much more likely to exhibit lymphatic infiltration, perineal infiltration, advanced tumors and recurrence than patients with normal preoperative serum CA19-9 levels (23,24). A meta-analysis of 11,408 patients with gastric cancer showed that elevated serum CA19-9 levels were associated with low levels of prognosis (25). Our findings confirm that it is associated with advanced tumor periods. Elevated AFP levels are more likely to show liver metastasis and poor gastric prognosis cancer (26,27), according to reports. However, in our study, no link was found between AFP levels and Clinicopathological features. We also found that the positive detection of four tumor markers was related to the improvement of tumor infiltration degree and the advancement of tumor staging.

Contrary to these studies, in this outcome, we found a trend in preoperative CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and AFP, and even combined detection as a prognostic factor in the second to III phases of gastric cancer, but without statistical significance. The possible reason is that all patients in the study underwent D2 lymph node dissection and more than 4 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy, including S-1 single drug or capecitabine and oxaliplatin or S-1 and oxaliplatin combined drugs, which can alter and improve the prognosis of these patients. The clinical evaluation of the changes of CEA, CA125, CA19-9 and AFP before and after operation in these patients was analyzed. We found that elevated postoperative CA125 was associated with poor OS in stage II-III GC patients. This is because the increase in CA125 is associated with peritoneal metastasis (5,28), and the prognosis of patients with peritoneal metastasis is worse than that of liver, lung and other metastases (29). The peritoneum is the most common site for metastasis and recurrence in patients with gastric cancer (30).

In order to improve the OS of these patients, whether or not patients with elevated postoperative CA125 need stronger adjuvant chemotherapy, or even intraperitoneal chemotherapy, this requires further study of more accurate research.

In this study, prejudice is inevitable due to some potential limitations. This retrospective study was conducted in a single institution and did not take into account a number of potential common factors related to tumor makers in all analyses. Our results need more evidence to support it. In summary, postoperative CA125 elevation was associated with poor OS in two-III GC patients. Larger, forward-looking and randomized studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Acknowledgments

We thank all the clinical investigators of the selected studies and patients involved in these studies.

Funding: This work was supported by the Zhejiang Science and Technology Office Project Foundation, no. 2016KYA050.

Footnote

Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the REMARK reporting checklist. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr-19-2427

Data Sharing Statement: Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr-19-2427

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr-19-2427). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was approved by medical ethics committee of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital [No.: IRB-2020-152 (Ke)] and informed consent was taken from all the patients.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Cite this article as: Li J, Xu Q, Luo C, Chen L, Ying J. Elevated carbohydrate antigen 125 post-operation as a prognostic marker in gastric cancer patients with stage II–III. Transl Cancer Res 2020;9(9):5200-5208. doi: 10.21037/tcr-19-2427

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