Clinical features, treatment and risk factors for interstitial pneumonia in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients
Introduction
Chemotherapy containing rituximab regimens are the current front-line therapy for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (1,2), the safety of which have been intensely investigated (3). Several studies have reported that approximately 1.3% to 14.8% of patients with NHL developed interstitial pneumonia (IP) during immunochemotherapy (4,5). IP is a heterogeneous group diseases that are classified together because of similar clinical, radiographic, physiologic, or pathologic manifestations. IP can be idiopathic or secondary to different diseases. Among multiple causes of IP, various infectious processes are especially common in immunocompromised hosts. These patients often develop mixed infections with several pathogens, such as pneumocystis jirovecii (PCP), bacterial pneumonias, and viral pneumonias (6). In our institute, patients with B-cell NHL routinely received prophylaxis of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) during immunochemotherapy, because TMP-SMX is the first choice for prophylaxis and treatment of PCP infections (6,7). However, there were still some patients develop IP. Herein, we summarized the clinicopathologic characteristics and treatment outcomes of IP in these patients and explore possible risk factors of IP. We present the following article in accordance with the STROBE reporting checklist (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr-20-988).
Methods
Patients
From April 2015, patients diagnosed with B-cell NHL in our hospital were enrolled. WHO criteria were used to confirm histological diagnoses. Immunostaining was used to confirm CD20+ B-cell lymphoma. Patients were administered tri-weekly cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (COP), cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, and etoposide (EPOCH), or cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) regimens combined with rituximab. Patients with acquired immunodeficiency were excluded. Patients with exposure history to occupational and environmental agents, particularly inorganic or organic dusts, and drug-induced pulmonary toxicity were excluded. Patients with rheumatic disease, sarcoidosis, or a history of thoracic radiation were also excluded. All patients received oral prophylactic TMP-SMX once per day during the chemotherapy period. Each TMP-SMX regime included an 80 mg dose of TMP and a 400 mg dose of SMX. Baseline characteristics of the patients included patient demographics, performance status, lymphoma subtype, disease stage, medical history and laboratory tests were collected during diagnosis. Ann Arbor classifications were used for disease staging. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was approved by ethics board of Zhejiang Cancer hospital (the registration number of ethics board: IRB-2020-19) and informed consent was taken from all the patients.
Diagnosis of IP
Patients were evaluated by computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) every two cycles of treatment. CT assessments were performed every 3 months upon the completion of chemotherapy. Extra pulmonary CT was performed in patients who developed suspicious pulmonary infection symptoms. The observation period of IP was from the first day of chemotherapy to 9 months following the final chemotherapy dose (8). IP was diagnosed based on radiologic findings, clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and pathologic results. The necessary radiological findings of IP were diffuse pulmonary interstitial infiltrates, and other imaging manifestation including traction bronchiectasis, bilateral reticular opacities, a loss of lobe volume, and opacity in the lower lungs (9-11). To reduce subjective bias, two independent radiologists reviewed the pulmonary CT images to confirm the diagnosis of IP. For patients diagnosed with IP, CT scans were repeated on a weekly basis until all interstitial infiltrates disappeared. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, procalcitonin (PCT), lymphocyte cells, serum b-D-glucan, the number of peripheral white blood cells (WBCs) and other serum inflammatory biomarkers were assessed. We collected blood and sputum samples for microbiological assessments. Complete lung function tests and arterial blood gas analysis were performed to assess the severity and pattern of lung involvement. Patients were recommended to receive a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at the time of IP occurrence. Fluids from BAL were sent for cell counts, mycobacterial cultures, viral, and fungal pathogens. In patients with atypical or progressive symptoms, atypical radiographic features, or a poor response to treatment, lung biopsy was considered. The detailed treatment for IP and its outcomes were regularly reviewed throughout the study.
Statistical analysis
The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables between non-IP and IP patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses were compared using logistic regression for the assessment of the risk factors of IP. P values <0.05 following univariate analyses were included in the multivariate analyses. Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival curves were plotted. P values <0.05 were deemed significant in two-sided tests. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.
Results
Patient characteristics
Between April 2015 and April 2018, 294 patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. The median aged was 56 years (range, 15 to 82 years). Chemotherapy regimens included RCHOP (n=255, 82%), REPOCH (n=47, 15.1%) and RCOP (n=9, 2.9%). The characteristics of all patients are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
| Factor | All patients | With IP | Without IP | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 57 (range,15–78) | 58 (range,18–70) | 57 (range,15–78) | 0.493 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 144 (49.0) | 18 (75.0) | 126 (46.7) | 0.007 |
| Diabetes history, n (%) | 24 (8.2) | 5 (20.8) | 19 (7.0) | 0.035 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 73 (24.8) | 8 (33.3) | 65 (24.1) | 0.219 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 79 (26.9) | 8 (33.3) | 66 (24.4) | 0.232 |
| Basic lung disease*, n (%) | 156 (53.1) | 16 (66.7) | 140 (51.9) | 0.118 |
| Lung involvement by lymphoma, n (%) | 14 (4.8) | 1 (4.2) | 13 (4.8) | 0.681 |
| ECOG PS ≥2, n (%) | 38 (13.3) | 2 (8.3) | 36 (13.3) | 0.375 |
| B symptoms, n (%) | 66 (22.4) | 5 (20.8) | 61 (22.6) | 0.539 |
| Histology, n (%) | ||||
| DLBCL | 242 (82.3) | 21 (87.5) | 221 (81.8) | 0.383 |
| FL | 25 (8.5) | 0 | 25 (9.3) | |
| MCL | 3 (1) | 0 | 3 (1.1) | |
| SLL/CLL | 4 (1.4) | 0 | 4 (1.5) | |
| MALT | 20 (6.8) | 3 (12.5) | 17 (6.3) | |
| Ann Arbor stage, n (%) | ||||
| I | 42 (14.3) | 4 (16.7) | 38 (14.1) | 0.978 |
| II | 95 (32.3) | 8 (33.3) | 87 (32.2) | |
| III | 56 (19) | 4 (16.7) | 52 (19.3) | |
| IV | 101 (34.4) | 8 (33.3) | 93 (34.4) | |
| BM involvement, n (%) | 19 (6.5) | 3 (12.5) | 16 (5.9) | 0.194 |
| IPI (score), n (%) | ||||
| 0–2 | 208 (70.7) | 17 (70.8) | 191 (70.7) | 0.599 |
| 3–5 | 86 (29.3) | 7 (29.2) | 79 (29.3) | |
| WBC (×109/L), n (%) | 6.5 (1.6–34.2) | 6.9 (5.5–9.2) | 6.4 (4.6–7.4) | 0.064 |
| ALC (≤1×109/L), n (%) | 66 (22.4) | 10 (41.7) | 56 (20.7) | 0.022 |
| LDH (U/L) | 242 (102–2,078) | 273 (201.5–542) | 238.5 (197–328) | 0.613 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 4.4 (0–193.8) | 10.4 (8.6–24.1) | 4.0 (1.2–21.2) | 0.155 |
| ESR (mm/h) | 21 (1–92) | 27 (21–36) | 21 (11–36) | 0.42 |
| β2 microglobulin (μg/L) | 2111 (189–8213) | 2407 (1821–3337.5) | 2109.5 (1819.8–3043.5) | 0.66 |
| Alb (g/L) | 43.2 (22.1–52.5) | 42.7 (38.5–45.5) | 43.3 (39.8–46.8) | 0.689 |
| CD3 | 74.3 (8.5–95) | 74.5 (64.3–82.2) | 70.1 (66.5–81.9) | 0.496 |
| CD4 | 644.1±388.0 | 788.1±301.0 | 631.3±392.7 | 0.058 |
| CD8 | 24.4 (17.3–31.4) | 24.7 (17.9–31.8) | 16.9 (12.3–32.7) | 0.092 |
| CD4/CD8 | 1.6 (0.4–7.8) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 3 (1.4–4.2) | 0.035 |
P value refers to the difference between two groups (patients with IP or without IP). *, basic lung disease included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary emphysema, tuberculosis, benign nodules and fibrosis. ECOG, eastern cooperative oncology group; DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; FL, follicular lymphoma; MCL, mantle cell lymphoma; MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; SLL, small lymphocytic lymphoma; PS, performance status; BM, bone marrow; IPI, international prognostic index; ALC, absolute lymphocyte count; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; Alb, albumin. IP, interstitial pneumonia.
Incidence of IP and treatment outcomes
All patients received CT prior to treatment, in which no cases of IP manifestations were observed. Following 1–6 cycles of rituximab chemotherapy (median 4 cycles), IP occurred in 24 patients (8.16%) including 18 males and 6 females. The median age was 58 years (range, 18 to 76 years). Typical clinical symptoms included fever for 1–3 days in 11 patients, dyspnea in 4 patients, expectoration in 5 patients and dry cough in 7 patients. A further 8 patients showed no apparent symptoms. The median time from the initiation of therapy to IP was 63 days (range, 15 to 158 days). At the onset of IP, 3 patients had grade III–IV neutropenia and received G-CSF treatment. Sputum cultures were assessed in 5 patients with expectoration, and pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella pneumoniae were detected in two patients. Blood cultures were assessed in 6 patients with fever (≥38.5 °C) but showed no evidence of pathogens. Six patients were also tested for CMV antigenemia and the results were negative. Bronchoscopy for BAL was performed in 4 patients, but no PCP was detected in the fluid. Other common suspicious pathogens included haemophilus, stenotrophomonas, tropheryma, lexophile, and human gammaherpesvirus 4. A total of 4 patients received arterial blood gas analysis and pulmonary function tests, of which 3 had type I respiratory failure and 2 had mild restrictive defects with reductions in total lung capacity or residual volume.
Immunochemotherapy was withheld after an IP diagnosis, at which time patients were treated empirically with antibiotics or antifungal agents, with the medication adjusted according to aetiology results. Glucocorticoids, including methylprednisolone or dexamethasone were used to inhibit telangiectasia and reduce oedema and exudates. A total of 4 patients experienced fever, cough, absolute lymphocyte counts (ALCs) decreases, and imaging manifestations that suggested virus infection. These patients received ganciclovir treatment and recovered from IP eventually. Chest CT features of 16 patients were diffuse, bilateral, interstitial infiltrates. These patients also showed elevated serum beta-D-glucan assays. Although no etiological evidence was obtained, these patients were suspected of PCP infection. Finally, they received therapeutic doses of TMP-SMX.
The median duration of IP treatment was 9 days (7 to 58 days). All patients recovered and no patients died of respiratory failure or severe pulmonary infection. A total of 5 patients did not receive immunochemotherapy, whilst 5 patients received subsequent chemotherapy without rituximab. A total of 14 patients received rituximab combined with chemotherapy. No patients developed recurrent IP following retreatment.
Risk factors for IP
We investigated both clinical and laboratory risk factors through binary logistic regression models (Table 2). Following univariate analysis, males [odds ratio (OR) 3.43, 95% CI: 1.32–8.9, P=0.001], diabetic patients (OR 3.48, 95% CI: 1.17–10.34, P=0.025), lymphocyte counts ≤1×109/L (OR 0.37, 95% CI: 0.16–0.87, P=0.023) and low CD4/CD8 cells (OR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.58–0.92, P=0.007) were identified as IP risk factors. Following multivariate analysis, all factors remained significantly associated with IP development.
Table 2
| Factor | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | ||
| Sex (male vs. female) | 3.43 | 1.32–8.90 | 0.011 | 5.15 | 1.78–14.85 | 0.002 | |
| Age (>60 vs. ≤60) | 1.04 | 0.44–2.46 | 0.94 | ||||
| Diabetes (yes vs. no) | 3.48 | 1.17–10.34 | 0.025 | 5.69 | 1.66–19.43 | 0.006 | |
| Smoking (yes vs. no) | 1.55 | 0.63–3.77 | 0.34 | ||||
| Basic lung disease (yes vs. no) | 1.86 | 0.77–4.49 | 0.17 | ||||
| Lymphocyte (>1 vs. ≤1) (109/L) | 0.37 | 0.16–0.87 | 0.023 | 0.33 | 0.13–0.84 | 0.02 | |
| CD4/CD8 | 0.73 | 0.58–0.92 | 0.007 | 0.68 | 0.53–0.86 | 0.002 | |
| CD4 (count) | 1.001 | 1–1.002 | 0.073 | ||||
OR, odds ratio.
We stratified patients according to risk factors. Those with no risk factors were included in the low-risk group; 1 to 2 factors: intermediate-risk; ≥3: high-risk. The occurrence of IP differed across the groups (low risk, 0%; intermediate risk, 7%; high risk, 14.5%; P=0.059) (Figure 1).
Discussion
IP is characterized by diffuse parenchymal lung filtrates (12) that lead to irreversible vascular and alveolar damage, altered gas exchange, fibrosis, and a loss of pulmonary and cardiopulmonary function (13). Patients diagnosed with IP would experience various pulmonary symptoms and would typically cease chemotherapy, which can influence the efficacy of chemotherapy and shorten patient survival. In this study, patients were in a state of impaired immune function as they have received high-dose glucocorticoid, rituximab and chemotherapy treatment. Pulmonary infections were the most common complication in immunocompromised patients. All patients with IP in this study recovered after antimicrobial treatment, which led us to speculate that the most probable cause of IP was pulmonary infection.
Amongst the possible risk factors for IP, the immune status of patients was critical. For adults, CD4 cell counts of 350 to 499/mm3 and 200 to 349/mm3 indicated mild and severe immunosuppression, respectively. However, several factors such as the season, temperature, drugs and glucocorticoids affected the CD4 cell counts (14). Therefore, the ratio of CD4 and CD8 can be used as a predictor of immune function (15,16). HIV-infected adults should receive primary/secondary PCP prophylaxis for a CD4 counts <200 cells/mm3 (17). In previous studies, CD4 lymphocyte counts ≤200/mm3 prior to chemotherapy were indicative of an increased PCP incidence compared to patients with counts ≥200/mm3 (11.8% vs. 1.5%, P=0.045) (18). Wang and colleagues also identified lower levels of CD4 and CD4/CD8 in NHL patients with IP after rituximab therapy, compared to IP negative patients. This trend was further demonstrated through the administration of RCHOP regimens (4).
As B cells dictate CD4 T cell activation, changes in the ALCs are representative of host immune status. Huang and colleagues showed that those with low ALCs presented a 2.75-fold higher risk of IP (19). Katsuya and colleagues also demonstrated that lymphocyte counts <1,000/mm3 prior to R-CHOP therapy increased the likelihood of PCP development (10). Consistent with these findings, reduced ALC levels (<1.0×109/L) and CD4/CD8 at diagnosis were predictive of a higher incidence of IP in this study.
A history of diabetes was a further risk factor of IP. An observational study showed that diabetes was associated with a 3-fold higher risk of death after mild-to-moderate community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) (20). In addition, persistent postprandial hyperglycemia was independently associated with late mortality after pneumonia (21). Preclinical studies have linked hyperglycemia to endothelial dysfunction, a loss of chemotaxis, lower granulocyte adherence, reduced phagocytosis, and a loss of microbicidal capacity (22-24). These effects can be in-part reversed by glucose lowering therapies (25,26). In animal models of diabetes, hyperglycaemia was associated with decreased bacterial clearance and higher rates of infection-related mortality (27). Patients with a history of diabetes were more prone to infection during immunochemotherapy.
Although a history of smoking and pre-treatment pulmonary disease were not significant risk factors of IP, these diseases were more prevalent in males than females (73/144 vs. 1/150, 84/144 vs. 72/150, respectively). Although prophylactic treatment of TMP-SMX is available for all patients, the incidence of IP has remained as 8%. For patients with 3 or 4 risk factors, the incidence of IP was as high as 14.5%. Oncologists should therefore pay attention to patients with these risk factors and explore more intensive and effective prophylactic treatments to reduce the incidence of IP.
The pathogenesis of IP was not fully defined in this retrospective study, which was a limitation. Although all patients diagnosed with IP recovered after treatment, we did not obtain pathogenic evidence from each individual patient. Only 4 patients received BAL tests, and it was difficult to interpret the results of BAL fluid analysis. Therefore, further diagnostic measures and etiological exploration are required in future studies.
Conclusions
This retrospective study showed that 24/294 patients (8.16%) with B cell lymphoma treated with first-line RCHOP-like regimens developed IP. Males, diabetes, low absolute lymphocyte counts and low CD4/CD8 numbers were identified as risk factors for IP induction.
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr Wang Xuefen and Dr Zhang Yigong for discussions regarding IP treatment and statistics analysis.
Funding: The study is supported by
Footnote
Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the STROBE reporting checklist. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr-20-988
Data Sharing Statement: Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr-20-988
Peer Review File: Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr-20-988
Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr-20-988). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was approved by ethics board of Zhejiang Cancer hospital (the registration number of ethics board: IRB-2020-19) and informed consent was taken from all the patients.
Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
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