The efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation exercise training on complications and mortality after lung cancer resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Original Article

The efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation exercise training on complications and mortality after lung cancer resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Zelun Chen1#, Renzhong Cai2#, Xuqiang Liao2, Xiuming Huang2, Chaoyang Zhao1, Minbiao Chen2

1Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China; 2Thoracic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: Z Chen, R Cai, M Chen; (II) Administrative support: X Liao; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: Z Chen, R Cai, M Chen; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: All authors; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: Z Chen, R Cai, M Chen; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

Correspondence to: Minbiao Chen. Thoracic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, No. 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, Haikou 570311, China. Email: chenminbiao123@163.com.

Background: The efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation exercise training for patients after lung cancer resection has been controversial. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation on the incidence of complications and mortality in patients after lung cancer resection.

Methods: Search English databases PubMed, EMBASE, Medline to obtain literature. The literature compared the effect of pulmonary rehabilitation exercise training intervention or not on the efficacy of patients after lung cancer resection, and the outcomes included postoperative complications and mortality. The quality of the included literature was assessed according to the Cochrane risk of bias assessment work. The chi-square test was used to test for heterogeneity. When there is heterogeneity, a random effect model is used; when there is no heterogeneity, a fixed effect model is used.

Results: A total of 9 prospective clinical studies (comprising 1,338 patients) were included in this meta-analysis. Among the patients, there were 571 cases in the rehabilitation group and 767 cases in the control group. The incidence of postoperative complications in the rehabilitation group was lower than that in the control group. The odds ratio (OR) value was 0.66 and 95% confidence interval (CI) was 0.47–0.94 (P=0.02). There was no heterogeneity among studies and no publication bias. The incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications in the rehabilitation group was lower than that in the control group, OR =0.33 (95% CI: 0.22–0.50) (P<0.00001). There was no heterogeneity among studies and no publication bias. There was no significant difference in postoperative mortality between the 2 groups (OR =0.77; 95% CI: 0.26–2.30; P=0.65). There was no heterogeneity among studies and no publication bias.

Discussion: Implementing pulmonary rehabilitation significantly reduced postoperative complications and the risk of pulmonary complications in lung cancer patients, but had no significant effect on mortality. Pulmonary rehabilitation exercise training is recommended for patients undergoing lung cancer resection.

Keywords: Pulmonary rehabilitation; complications; mortality; lung cancer resection

Submitted Mar 22, 2022. Accepted for publication May 13, 2022.

doi: 10.21037/tcr-22-978

Introduction

Lung cancer is a common malignant tumour threatening human health, and is also the primary cause of cancer-related death in China and worldwide (1). According to the latest data released by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization, by 2020, lung cancer will rank 2nd in the global new cancer incidence rate and 1st in the worldwide cancer mortality rate (2). An epidemiological investigation illustrated that the 5-year survival rate of lung cancer was only about 13% (3). Cancer places a heavy disease burden on patients.

Surgery is commonly used in the clinical treatment of lung cancer patients. However, due to the effects of various factors during surgery and the characteristics of patients, the risk of postoperative complications is increased and the postoperative rehabilitation of patients is affected. Under current surgical technology and nursing approaches, about 20–30% of patients experience postoperative pulmonary complications (4), which result in prolonged hospitalization and increased hospitalization expenses and also seriously affects the quality of life of patients after operation.

Pulmonary rehabilitation is a meaningful intervention for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or other chronic respiratory diseases. The American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society defines lung rehabilitation as a “comprehensive intervention based on a thorough evaluation of patients, and [a] tailor-made treatment for patients, including but not limited to exercise training, education and behaviour changes, [which is] aimed at improving the physical and psychological status of patients with chronic respiratory diseases and promoting long-term adherence to promote healthy behaviour” (5-7). Among them, exercise training is the core content of pulmonary rehabilitation. Thus, lung rehabilitation programs often include exercise training, drug treatment, smoking cessation, nutritional support, behavioural changes, and health education (6). However, the efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation exercise training for patients after lung cancer resection has been controversial. A study pointed out that pulmonary rehabilitation can improve the quality of life of patients and reduce the mortality of patients (8). Therefore, we believe that a meta-analysis is necessary. However, some studies suggest that pulmonary rehabilitation exercise training does not affect the survival of patients after lung cancer resection (9). The aim of this study was to further investigate the efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation exercise training on the incidence of complications and mortality in patients after lung cancer resection through literature search and meta-analysis. We present the following article in accordance with the PRISMA and MOOSE reporting checklists (available at https://tcr.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tcr-22-978/rc).

Methods

Article retrieval

The English databases for retrieval are PubMed, EMBASE, Medline. The search method used medical subject words combined with free words. The English search subject words included “lung OR pulmonary” AND “operation OR resection OR surgery” AND “rehabilitation OR exercise”.

Literature screening

To be eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis studies had to meet the following inclusion criteria: (I) comprise subjects who were lung cancer patients who had undergone lung cancer resection; (II) the study consisted of the rehabilitation and the control groups.; (III) The interventions in the rehabilitation group included pulmonary rehabilitation exercise training; (IV) include at least 1 of the following outcome measures: postoperative complications, postoperative pulmonary complications, and mortality; and (V) be prospective cohort study or randomized controlled trial. Articles were excluded from the meta-analysis if they met any of the following exclusion criteria: (I) some or all patients in the study did not receive surgical treatment; (II) the article was a news report, expert opinion, critical literature, or abstract; (III) the data had been published previously; and/or (IV) the article data was unavailable.

Document data extraction

According to the above inclusion and exclusion criteria, 2 professional researchers independently screened the articles, determined the final included articles, and extracted the data according to a pre-determined data extraction table. If questions or differences in opinion arose in the process of the literature screening and extraction, a 3rd researcher was asked to resolve the issue or the issue was decided via discussion at a meeting if necessary.

Literature quality evaluation

The quality of the included articles was evaluated according to the Cochrane risk bias assessment. Prospective cohort studies were assessed using the NOS assessment criteria for cohort studies on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The quality of each included article was assessed independently by the 2 researchers and then cross-checked. If any differences in opinion arose, the 2 researchers discussed the issue until an agreement was reached or a 3rd researcher was consulted.

Statistical method

This study used Cochrane software RevMan5.4 for the statistical analysis of all the data. The efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation on the postoperative complication and mortality rates were statistically described by calculating the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant in the fixed-effects model or random-effects model. A Chi-square test was used to test the heterogeneity between among studies. When the I2 results corrected by degrees of freedom was >50%, the results were considered heterogeneous, and a random-effects model was used. When the I2 results corrected by degrees of freedom was ≤50%, the results were considered non-heterogeneous, and a fixed-effects model was used. The potential publication bias was estimated by Deeks’ funnel plots and Egger test.

Results

Literature search results

A total of 351 relevant articles were retrieved following the database search. After retrieving and collecting the articles, EndNote X9 management software was used to remove duplicate articles. The pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied in a preliminarily screening in which the titles and abstracts of the articles were read, and the remaining articles then underwent a re-screening in which the full texts of the articles were read. Ultimately, 9 articles (7-15) (comprising 1,338 patients) met the criteria and were included in the meta-analysis, The specific screening process and results are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Literature screening process and results.

Basic characteristics and quality evaluation of articles

The 9 included studies were all English-language articles, and comprised 5 randomized controlled studies and 4 prospective cohort studies. The basic information of the included articles are set out in Table 1. In 6 studies, the rehabilitation exercise training plan was implemented before surgery. In 1 study, the rehabilitation exercise training plan was implemented after surgery. In 2 studies, the rehabilitation exercise training plan was implemented both before and after surgery. Of the 9 studies, 5 examined complication outcome indicators, 6 examined pulmonary complication outcome indicators, and 4 examined mortality indicators.

Table 1

Basic characteristics of the included articles

Author Type of study Preoperative/postoperative pulmonary rehabilitation Sample size Complications Pulmonary complications Mortality NOS Cochrane
Pulmonary rehabilitation group Control group Pulmonary rehabilitation group Control group Pulmonary rehabilitation group Control group Pulmonary rehabilitation group Control group
Benzo 2011 (7) Randomized controlled trial Preoperative 9 8 3 5 – Low risk of bias
Pehlivan 2011 (15) Randomized controlled trial Preoperative 30 30 1 5 – Low risk of bias
Bradley 2013 (8) Prospective cohort study Preoperative + Postoperative 58 305 5 49 2 6 7 –
Arbane 2014 (9) Randomized controlled trial Postoperative 67 68 20 22 10 16 – Low risk of bias
Gao 2015 (10) Prospective cohort study Preoperative 71 71 12 59 5 25 6 –
Glogowska 2017 (12) Prospective cohort study Preoperative + Postoperative 215 187 32 37 7 –
Chesterfield-Thomas 2016 (11) Prospective cohort study Preoperative 33 9 0 1 7 –
Licker 2017 (13) Randomized controlled trial Preoperative 74 77 27 39 17 33 2 2 – Low risk of bias
Laurent 2020 (14) Randomized controlled trial Preoperative 14 12 2 10 0 1 – Low risk of bias

The Cochrane risk bias assessment tool was used to evaluate the 5 randomized controlled studies, and the 4 prospective cohort studies were evaluated using the evaluation criteria of the NOS. The scores were shown in Table 1.

Meta-analysis results

Postoperative complications

The outcome indicators of the postoperative complications were examined in 5 studies (9,10,12,13,15), comprising 890 patients. The results of the heterogeneity test for these 5 studies were as follows: χ2=36.05, P<0.00001, I2=89%. Thus, the results indicated that there was heterogeneity among the 5 included studies, and a random-effects model was used to combine the outcome indicators for the postoperative complications. The meta-analysis results showed that the OR value for postoperative complications between the rehabilitation group and the control group was 0.33 (95% CI: 0.11–0.96), and the difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (z=2.04; P=0.04). The results are shown in Figure 2. There was obvious heterogeneity among the 5 literatures, and we used sensitivity analysis to find the source of heterogeneity. The heterogeneity mainly comes from the study of Gao et al. (10). There is no heterogeneity among the documents after removal. The OR value of postoperative complications between the rehabilitation group and the control group was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.47–0.94), and there was a statistical difference between the two groups, Z=2.30 (P=0.02). The sensitivity analysis results were consistent with the previous results, and the results were stable, as shown in Figure 3. Additionally, as the funnel chart shows, most of the points fell within the confidence interval, and the funnel type was inverted (see Figure 4). Egger’s test P>0.05, there is no publication bias.

Figure 2 Forest chart of the postoperative complication rates between the rehabilitation group and control group.
Figure 3 Comparison of postoperative complication rates between the rehabilitation group and the control group after sensitivity analysis.
Figure 4 Funnel chart of the postoperative complication rates between the rehabilitation group and control group.

Postoperative pulmonary complications

The outcome indicators of postoperative pulmonary complications were examined in 6 studies (7-10,13,14), comprising 834 patients. The results of the heterogeneity test were as follows: χ2=9.56, P=0.09, I2=48%. Thus, the results indicated that there was heterogeneity among the 6 included studies, and the fixed-effects model was adopted, and the data were combined. The meta-analysis results indicated that the OR value of postoperative pulmonary complications between the lung rehabilitation and control groups was 0.33 (95% CI: 0.22–0.50), and the difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (z=5.33; P<0.00001). Thus, the implementation of lung rehabilitation programs appeared to significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications in lung cancer patients. The results are set out in Figure 5. Additionally, as the funnel chart shows, most of the points fell within the confidence interval, and the funnel type was inverted (see Figure 6). Egger’s test P>0.05, there is no publication bias.

Figure 5 Forest chart of the postoperative pulmonary complications in the rehabilitation group and control group.
Figure 6 Funnel chart of the postoperative pulmonary complications in the rehabilitation group and control group.

Postoperative mortality

The outcome indicators of postoperative mortality were examined in 4 studies (8,11,13,14), comprising 582 patients. The results of the heterogeneity test were as follows: χ2=3.24, P=0.36, I2=8%. Thus, there appeared to be no heterogeneity among the 4 included studies, and the fixed-effects model was adopted, and the data were combined. The meta-analysis results illustrated that the OR value of postoperative pulmonary complications between the lung rehabilitation and control groups was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.26–2.30), and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (Z=0.46, P=0.65). Thus, compared to the control group, implementing a rehabilitation program for lung cancer patients who underwent resections did not change the postoperative mortality. The results are set out in Figure 7. Additionally, as the funnel chart shows, most of the points fell within the confidence interval, and the funnel type was inverted (see Figure 8). Egger’s test P>0.05, there is no publication bias.

Figure 7 Forest chart of postoperative mortality in the rehabilitation group and control group.
Figure 8 Funnel chart of postoperative mortality in the rehabilitation group and control group.

Discussion

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, is the 2nd most common cancer among men and women, and accounts for about 15% of all new cancer cases (16). Approximately 80% of all lung cancer cases are non-small cell lung cancer (17). Surgical resection is the first choice for patients with stage I–IIIa lung cancer. Lung cancer resection provides the highest survival potential for patients. However, patients often experience postoperative complications, pulmonary complications, cancer recurrence, and severe and even life-threatening risks. A previous study shown that the incidence of postoperative complications among lung cancer patients is about 38–58%, of which 15–25% are directly related to respiratory health, such as pulmonary infection and pneumonia, which lead to prolonged hospitalization, impaired functional performance, reductions in patients’ quality of life, and increased cancer recurrence, readmission, and mortality rates (18).

As a therapeutic intervention, pulmonary rehabilitation exercise training is usually used in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is also recommended for other chronic lung diseases, interstitial lung diseases, cystic fibrosis, and lung cancer. Pulmonary rehabilitation measures include exercise training, drug treatment, smoking cessation, nutritional support, behaviour change, and health education. Research has shown that (7) rehabilitation exercise training positively affects muscle strength, exercise endurance, wellbeing, and health status. Various surgical specialties, including cardiothoracic surgery, have also advocated for the use of lung rehabilitation exercise training in recent years. Several studies have reported on the clinical value of lung rehabilitation exercise training in lung cancer resection (10,13,14). For patients who must undergo lung surgery, a lung rehabilitation exercise training plan can be implemented before and/or after surgery.

Many systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been conducted to examine the effects of lung rehabilitation exercise training on postoperative lung cancer patients, including its effects on hospital stay, functional status, health-related quality of life, postoperative complications, and mortality. Notably, Gravier et al. (19) reviewed the effects of pre-pneumonectomy exercise training on patients with non-small cell lung cancer, and found that exercise training improved patients’ exercise ability, lung function, quality of life, and depression levels. Mao et al. (1) reviewed prospective and retrospective studies on the effects of lung rehabilitation exercise training on complications and mortality after lung cancer resection before 2020. Additionally, Pu et al. (18) reviewed the effects of preoperative respiratory movement on the postoperative outcomes of lung cancer patients undergoing radical pneumonectomy. Xu et al. (20) examined the effects of preoperative and postoperative rehabilitation exercise training programs on postoperative pulmonary complications and hospital stay among lung cancer patients. The present study sought to update these findings using the data of the latest prospective studies to analyze the efficacy of lung rehabilitation exercise training programs on the postoperative complication and mortality rates of lung cancer patients.

A total of 1,338 patients were included in 9 prospective studies, of which 254/890 patients reported postoperative complications. A total of 180/834 patients reported postoperative pulmonary complications, and 14/582 patients reported mortality. The results demonstrated that implementing pulmonary rehabilitation exercise training programs reduced the risk of postoperative complications and pulmonary complications by 67%. However, in terms of mortality, there was no significant difference between the pulmonary rehabilitation group and the control group.

This study had some limitations. The efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation exercise training on patients after the operation was multifaceted; for example, it affected the length of hospitalization, and patients’ functional status and health-related quality of life. This study only sought to analyze the incidence of complications, but other aspects also deserve attention. Future research should seek to analyze other key postoperative factors based on more clinical trial data.

In sum, the implementation of pulmonary rehabilitation exercise training was found to significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative complications and pulmonary complications in lung cancer patients. However, it had no significant effect on mortality. Our findings suggest that surgical experts should formulate preoperative or postoperative pulmonary rehabilitation exercise training plans for patients according to their actual situations to improve their postoperative clinical efficacy.

Acknowledgments

Funding: The project was supported by Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center.

Footnote

Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the PRISMA and MOOSE reporting checklists. Available at https://tcr.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tcr-22-978/rc

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://tcr.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tcr-22-978/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work, including ensuring that any questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work have been appropriately investigated and resolved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

References

  1. Mao X, Ni Y, Niu Y, et al. The Clinical Value of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Reducing Postoperative Complications and Mortality of Lung Cancer Resection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Surg 2021;8:685485. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021;71:209-49. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  3. Yang Z, Lin X, Zhang X. Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation exercise training on postoperative rehabilitation of lung cancer patients. Journal of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2021;37:1407-10.
  4. Thomas PA, Berbis J, Falcoz PE, et al. National perioperative outcomes of pulmonary lobectomy for cancer: the influence of nutritional status. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014;45:652-9; discussion 659. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. Rochester CL, Vogiatzis I, Holland AE, et al. An Official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Policy Statement: Enhancing Implementation, Use, and Delivery of Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015;192:1373-86. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. Spruit MA, Singh SJ, Garvey C, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;188:e13-64. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. Benzo R, Wigle D, Novotny P, et al. Preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation before lung cancer resection: results from two randomized studies. Lung Cancer 2011;74:441-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  8. Bradley A, Marshall A, Stonehewer L, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation programme for patients undergoing curative lung cancer surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013;44:e266-71. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. Arbane G, Douiri A, Hart N, et al. Effect of postoperative physical training on activity after curative surgery for non-small cell lung cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Physiotherapy 2014;100:100-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  10. Gao K, Yu PM, Su JH, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing screening and pre-operative pulmonary rehabilitation reduce postoperative complications and improve fast-track recovery after lung cancer surgery: A study for 342 cases. Thorac Cancer 2015;6:443-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  11. Chesterfield-Thomas G, Goldsmith I. Impact of preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation on the Thoracoscore of patients undergoing lung resection. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2016;23:729-32. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  12. Glogowska O, Glogowski M, Szmit S. Intensive rehabilitation as an independent determinant of better outcome in patients with lung tumors treated by thoracic surgery. Arch Med Sci 2017;13:1442-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  13. Licker M, Karenovics W, Diaper J, et al. Short-Term Preoperative High-Intensity Interval Training in Patients Awaiting Lung Cancer Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Thorac Oncol 2017;12:323-33. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  14. Laurent H, Aubreton S, Galvaing G, et al. Preoperative respiratory muscle endurance training improves ventilatory capacity and prevents pulmonary postoperative complications after lung surgery. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2020;56:73-81. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  15. Pehlivan E, Turna A, Gurses A, et al. The effects of preoperative short-term intense physical therapy in lung cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011;17:461-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  16. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2018. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:7-30. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. Herbst RS, Heymach JV, Lippman SM. Lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1367-80. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  18. Pu CY, Batarseh H, Zafron ML, et al. Effects of Preoperative Breathing Exercise on Postoperative Outcomes for Patients With Lung Cancer Undergoing Curative Intent Lung Resection: A Meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2021;102:2416-27.e4. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  19. Gravier FE, Smondack P, Prieur G, et al. Effects of exercise training in people with non-small cell lung cancer before lung resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2021; [Epub ahead of print]. [PubMed]
  20. Xu X, Cheung DST, Smith R, et al. The effectiveness of pre- and post-operative rehabilitation for lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis on postoperative pulmonary complications and length of hospital stay. Clin Rehabil 2022;36:172-89. [Crossref] [PubMed]

(English Language Editor: L. Huleatt)

Cite this article as: Chen Z, Cai R, Liao X, Huang X, Zhao C, Chen M. The efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation exercise training on complications and mortality after lung cancer resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Cancer Res 2022;11(5):1321-1329. doi: 10.21037/tcr-22-978

Article Options

Download Citation

Share