The role of nuclear factor-kappa B and endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatitis B viral-induced hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks fifth among the most common solid tumours and second most common cause of cancers-related death (1,2). The number of new HCC cases diagnosed each year is estimated to be half a million worldwide. Due to the high mortality rate of HCC, the occurrence rate is almost equivalent to the mortality rate and there are very limited treatment available (2).